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Bankruptcy filings have increased as the economy has soured. Chapter 7 filings are up 36.7% for the 12 months ended June 30, 2008 compared with the same period ending June, 2007. Ask any bankruptcy lawyer why, and you’ll hear same thing: the three main causes of bankruptcy are job loss, illness, and divorce.

Most families have reasonable levels of debt based on their income, even if the levels are high by historical standards. But with high and variable interest rates, and fees which are capriciously raised and imposed, payments may suddenly increase in cost if there is a hiccup.

Job loss is an obvious problem. If one member of a two-income family loses a job, the family can struggle on for a while. First they eat up their savings, then they start cutting credit card payments back to the minimum levels, and then stop paying altogether, as they try to hold on to their house. Eventually they fail.

Business failure is related to job loss. A person starts a business, goes into debt, and borrows more, and eats up savings in an effort to make it work. Banks require personal guarantees, so business failure means personal financial failure.

Illness is a huge problem. People without insurance can be ruined easily. Most people with insurance have policies with deductibles, and once those are met, most policies have a coinsurance requirement. The company pays 80% of the bill, leaving the sick person to pay the other 20%. That additional debt may be the cause of the payment hiccup. Even if an income earner doesn’t lose a job, hours may be reduced for some time, so the new debt has to be paid from lower income.

Divorce is a different problem. Suddenly there are two households instead of one, each of which owes the total debt. Their living expenses are higher, but the income is the same, and some can’t make it.

Not every family under stress will have to file bankruptcy. Many families have low debt, and savings. If you have a house and a car with reasonable fixed payments, you can survive for some time before you feel financial stress. But families with low savings and relatively high debt levels, especially if the interest rates are subject to upward adjustment, are more likely to fail in the event of job loss, divorce or illness.

The problem is going to get worse. This chart shows that average household debt has been rising steadily, but that the rate of increase went up beginning in 2000. At the same time, household savings have been falling across the period, until it just can’t get much lower.

One indication of the stress this creates on households is the increase in the debt service ratio, an estimate of the percentage of disposable income required to make the payments on mortgage and consumer debt. From 1980 to 1999, the DSR averaged 11.5%. Since 2000, the average is 13.7%, an increase of about 19%. These figures and those in the preceding paragraph are based on averages. They do not take into account the large number of people who have no consumer debt, and those with no mortgage, either because they rent, or because they own their own homes, so the numbers for a lot of people are even worse.

This dry description doesn’t touch the reality. Every day I deal with these problems, and three or four times a month, I sit in on meetings of creditors in Chapter 13 and Chapter 7 cases. I see 52 year old men with heads bowed, hands clenched, unable to answer the Trustee’s questions, forced to let their wives do the talking. Businessmen come to see me with their dreams in tatters, unable to sleep, so depressed that amateurs can make the diagnosis, blaming themselves for the problem, shamed into silence with their spouses, embarrassed before their kids.

We sometimes call bankruptcy financial baptism, because it gives people a new financial life. I’m glad I can help the people who come to see me.

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